ELECTRIC HUB

 Transformer: A Transformer is a machine that is used to step up and step down the voltages.The Transformer consists of two windings out of which one is of low voltage and another is of high voltage.In other word these windings are also known as Primary and Secondary windings.These windings are wounded on either sides of a Core frame, which is a magnetic material. 1.STEP UP TRANSFORMER:Here a low voltage is stepped up or increased or amplified into high voltage as per the requirement. 2.STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER:  Here a high voltage is stepped down or reduced to low voltage as per the requirement. A Transformer works on the principle of Electro magnetic induction.When the primary winding is fed by the supply due to this a flux is produced in its coil and thus leads to the generation of emf in the secondary coil due to the Electro magnetic induction.These coils are magnetically coupled, not Electrically.Thus we can understand the basic working principle of a Trans...

GENERATOR: A Generator is a machine which converts Mechanical energy into Electrical energy.These are widely used inside the Power plants for the generation of Power. Generator In general the Generator we see in a Thermal power plant gains its mechanical energy from the Turbine connected to it and this mechanical energy is thus converted into the required Electrical energy by the Generator.I myself  experienced a 15 days of internship in a Thermal power plant and the Generator was about the size of a lager hall both in its length and breadth and the output Electrical energy is thus achieved by the use of a Generator.

MOTOR: A machine which converts electrical energy into mechanical energy is known as a motor but depending upon its internal connections they are divided into 2 types. 1.Series motor:Here the connection is in series.This type of motors are used for household purposes as they are flexible to use under water i.e they are submersible motors. 2.Shunt motor:Here the connection is in parallel.This type of motors are used in industries and factories with large capacity. MOTOR

Independent sources: There are two types of independent sources they are  Independent Voltage source Ideal voltage source::Load voltage is independent of Load current. Practical voltage source:Load voltage depends on Load current. 2. Independent Current source Ideal current source::Load current is independent of Load voltage. Practical current source:Load current depends on Load voltage.  Dependent sources: The voltage or current of Dependent sources depends on other circuit parameters.There are four types of Dependent sources they are Voltage Control Voltage Source(VCVS):This means that the Voltage Source is depending on other voltage parameter available in the same circuit. Voltage Control Current Source(VCCS):This means that the Current Source is depending on other voltage parameter available in the same circuit. Current Control Voltage Source(CCVS):This means that the Voltage Source is depending on other Current parameter available in the same...

Time variant: If the V-I characteristic's of an element vary with respect to time then those elements are known as Time variant. Here the V-I characteristic's at t(1) are different from V-I characteristic's at t(2). Time invariant: If the V-I characteristic's of an element remains same with respect to change in time then those elements are known as Time invariant. Here the V-I characteristic's at t(1),t(2) and t(3) remains the same .

Unilateral elements: The elements which offers different impedance's when voltage and current direction and polarities are changed are known as Unilateral elements Unilateral Here we can see that Z(1) and Z(2)  are not the same when voltage and currents are changed. Bilateral elements: The elements which offers same impedance's when the direction and polarity of impedance's are changed Bilateral Here both Z(1) and Z(2) remained the same even if the direction and polarities of voltage and current are changed.

Active elements: The elements which delivers a net amount of power are known as Active elements. They are also defined as the elements with a -ve slope. For example:Voltage sources and Current Sources. Passive elements: The elements which absorbs or dissipates a net amount of power are known as Passive elements. They are also defined as the elements with a +ve slope For example:Resistor,Inductor and Capacitor(provided R,L,C >or =0) Shortly all the elements which lies in the 1st and 3rd quadrants are Passive and all the elements which lie in the 2nd and 4th quadrant are Active. Here the Voltage source V(s) is Active as it delivers a net amount of power and the Resistance R is Passive as it Absorbs or dissipates a net amount of power.

Linear elements: That which consists of only one equation of straight line and is passing through the origin for all time. Linear Non Linear elements: That which do not pass through the origin for all time or the elements which consists of more than one equation of straight line then those elements are known as Non Linear elements. Non Linear

Classification of elements Linear and Non Linear Active and Passive Unilateral and Bilateral Time Variant and Time Invariant Classification of Sources Independent Sources Independent current source Independent voltage source   2. Dependent Sources Dependent current source Dependent voltage source  We will see the explanation of each element and source from the above in detail.

Current division: This rule of current division is useful to find the current thought an individual branch impedance when there are more number of impedance's connected in PARALLEL. For example: Here if we want to measure the current I(1)  passing through Z(1) then,                     I(1)=I×Z(2)/Z(1)+Z(2) Similarly,   I(2)=I×Z(1)/Z(1)+Z(2) Thus current through a particular individual branch impedance can be calculated using current division rule. Voltage division rule: This rule of voltage division is used to determine the voltage in a particular individual branch impedance when there are more number of impedance's connected in SERIES. For example: Here if we want to determine the voltage in any of the impedance's Z(1),Z(2),Z(3) ......Z (n) We can use voltage division rule.                   V(1)= V×Z(1)/Z(1)+Z(2)+Z(3)+....Z(n) Similarly, V(2)=V...

Flemming's Right Hand Rule : This rule of Flemming's is basically used to determine the direction of motion of a conductor in a magnetic field. According to this rule if we consider our right hand and place the Thumb finger,four finger and second finger such that all the three fingers are mutually perpendicular to each other then, 1. Thumb finger represents the direction of the motion of conductor. 2. Four finger represents the direction of magnetic field. 3.Second finger represents the direction of current induced. By this we can easily determine the direction of motion of the conductor. Flemming's Left Hand Rule: This rule of Flemming's is used to determine the direction of force of the conductor According to this law if we consider our left hand and place it in a position such that the Thumb finger,Four finger and Second finger are mutually perpendicular to each other then, 1.Thumb finger represents the direction of force in the conductor. 2...